Категория: Списание Автоматика и информатика

Драгомир Господинов Добруджалиев е роден на 1 юли 1949 г. в Нова Загора. Израснал и възпитан в семейството на интелигентни, ученолюбиви и прогресивни хора, той завършва основното и средното си образование с пълно отличие и съответно с „Палаузовска награда“ и Златен медал от Министерството на народната просвета.

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През 2024 г. проф. д-р Ангел Сотиров Смрикаров навърши 75 години. Той е роден на 19 август 1949 г. в Русе. През 1968 г. завършва Техникума по електротехника в гр. Русе, специалност радио и телевизия с пълно отличие и златен медал.

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Key Words: Human-Computer Interaction; smart home systems; security; human-computer interface.

Abstract. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a critical field of study that has gained increasing importance over time. Today, smart home systems are among the most common application areas of human-computer interaction. These systems offer efficiency and end-to-end connectivity to users. Moreover, IoT frameworks and other technological integrations are widespread and indispensable components of these systems. However, significant security concerns and vulnerabilities associated with these systems are also on the rise. This study examines the relationship between HCI and smart home systems, focusing on the requirements for intuitive and secure interface designs. The research highlights the need for the convergence of HCI interface designs with smart home systems, emphasizing the necessity for continuous innovation and improved security mechanisms. It also underscores that future advancements in cutting-edge technologies, such as artificial intelligence, 5G/6G, blockchain, and quantum computing, are expected to present both opportunities and challenges to the design and operation of smart home systems. In conclusion, as interactions between humans, advanced technologies, and smart systems become more frequent, the application of HCI principles in the design of smart home systems will become increasingly crucial. Ensuring that these systems are not only usable but also secure is vital, making them safe and accessible for users with low digital literacy. Integrating both technical and human-centered perspectives in the holistic development of these systems is imperative.

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Key Words: Calculation of energy; wood containing ice; melting frozen water; thermal treatment; Table Curve 2D.

Abstract. A mathematical description of the thermal energy consumption Qice required to melt the ice formed in the wood by the natural freezing of both free and bound water in it, using the software package Table Curve 2D v.5.01 has been presented. This package allows for the selection of equations, which provide the best similarity between the calculated with them values of Qice during thermal treatment of wood containing ice and the respective numerical data obtained experimentally or using an adequate temperature-energy model of Qice. For the determination of Qice, the classical approach from thermodynamics was used to calculate the energy required to heat a solid body from any initial temperature to a certain final temperature. In our case, the energy Qice is represented as a sum of the energy Qice-bw required to melt the initial temperature-dependent frozen portion of the bound water in the wood, and the energy Qice-fw required to melt the ice formed by freezing all the free water in the wood. The energies Qice-bw and Qice-fw are represented as a product of the ice density with the specific heat capacities of the frozen bound and free water in the wood and the temperature ranges in which the melting of the two types of frozen water takes place. Mathematical descriptions of the specific heat capacities of frozen bound and free water in wood are also presented, taking into account the latent heat of the phase transition of water. The calculations of the energies Qice-bw, Qice-fw, and their sum Qice were made for the case of thermal treatment of frozen beech wood with an initial temperature of −1 °C, −10 °C, −20 °C, −30 °C, −40 °C and moisture content of 0.4 kg·kg-1, 0.6 kg·kg-1, and 0.8 kg·kg-1. The obtained results were processed using the Table Curve 2D software package. Three logarithmic equations of the same type were selected, which mathematically describe the dependence of Qice on the initial temperature of the frozen wood for each of the investigated values of its moisture content. It was found that there is a very small error (within the limits of only 3.5%) between the equations calculated with Table Curve and the approximate values of the Qice. The equations obtained can be used for development and automatic implementation of scientifically based energy-efficient regimes and technologies for steaming or boiling of frozen wood materials with different properties and purposes.

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Key Words: Artificial Intelligence; integration; industrial automation; industrial control systems; Machine Learning; operational control; technological control.

Abstract. The newly emerging challenges of interpenetration and multifaceted integration of modern artificial intelligence technologies and leading computer systems of industrial automation are considered in the article. The relatively independent development of industrial automation and artificial intelligence has reached in the last one or two decades such a high technological level of openness, flexibility and compatibility, creating prerequisites to build integrated systems based on a holistic synthesis of a completely new type for solving tasks which until recently were considered intractable. The new conditions of competition are significantly complicated due to the extremely accelerated dynamics and depth of the various stages of industrial processes – supply chains, transportation problems, technological breakthroughs in the basic facilities and processes, malicious cyber attacks, situations resulting from global geopolitical conflicts. The main achievements that give rise to huge expectations for overcoming these and the expected future challenges are: the fundamentally new level of information treatment (Big Data), the modern achievements of computing technology (Industrial Internet of Things – IIoT, cloud technologies, computing architectures based on of graph models) and the explosive development of artificial intelligence (multidimensional and multi-aspect models, automatic prediction, decision-making and planning, revealing implicit relationships and dependencies, learning based on historical, current and simulation data, human-machine interaction of a new type ). Under the new highly complicated conditions and increased requirements, industrial automation is steadily following its trajectory of expanding its scope of action – from primarily technological control to gradually including all sides of the operational control and management (planning, production schedules, predictive maintenance of the facilities, adaptation to the goals and situations in the short and long term). The realistic approach requires strategic decisions in the development of industrial automation to be in the direction of „end-to-end automation“ by upgrading existing systems while uncompromisingly evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of the relevant artificial intelligence technologies that we have now.

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На 2 септември 2024 г. председателят на Съюза по автоматика и информатика „Джон Атанасов“ проф. д-р инж. Коста Бошнаков навърши 75 години. Честито!

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Честване на 121 години от рождението на Джон Атанасов
Дните на Джон Атанасов са свързани с рождения ден на патрона на Съюза по автоматика и информатика Джон Атанасов – 4 октомври, и се провеждат традиционно всяка година. 4 октомври е обявен от Министерския съвет за Ден на информационното общество в България – професионален празник на специалистите по компютърна техника, информационни технологии и автоматика, и се чества от 2007 г.

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Key Words: Personalized learning; intelligent systems; collaborative approach.

Abstract. The problems of searching for a rational solution in the design and operation of modern intelligent systems for personalized engineering training are considered. Emerging favorable opportunities and implementation risks are analyzed in three main aspects – pedagogical strategies, technological efficiency and system coordination. The existing research and practical experience is insufficient to make informed decisions, especially in the conditions of extremely rapid development of technologies based on artificial intelligence, which are of key importance for personalized learning systems. Given the great complexity of personalized learning systems, only a collaborative approach of teams including researchers, educators, and artificial intelligence specialists would be successful in finding balanced rational solutions.

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Key Words: Cryptographic; hash-function; comparative analysis; MDC MAC; collision resistance; Message Digest.

Abstract. The paper presents the fundamental role of hash functions in modern cryptography and Network security. To control the integrity of stored or exchanged data, cryptographic hash functions, also called OWHF (OWHF – One Way Hash Functions), are most often used. These functions are not used to protect the data, but to verify its identity.Hash Functions compresses a message of arbitrary length to a message of fixed length called hashcode or Message Digest (MD). According to the purpose they serve, there are two main types of hash functions – MDC and MAC. Keyed hash functions use secret key for computing the digest and these are also known as MAC (Message Authentication Code). The purpose of MAC is to authenticate the data source. MDC (Message Detection Codes) are un-keyed functions and serve to authenticate the data integrity. The three distinctive properties of hash functions are discussed: 1. Preimage resistance – for essentially all pre-specified outputs, it is computationally infeasible to find any input which hashes to that output. 2. 2nd-preimage resistance – it is computationally infeasible to find any second input which has the same output as any specified input. 3. Collision resistance – it is computationally infeasible to find any two distanct inputs whish result to the same output. Defined the fields of application of the hash functions: 1. Data integrity check when exchanging data (file, string, database, etc.). 2. Storing access passwords on sites. 3. Digital signature. 4. Search for identical files and match of data. This paper presents a comparative analysys of hash functions that are curentlu used. The most frequently used functions (MD, SHA, WHIRLPOOL, RIPEMD, MASH-2 etc.) are presented in tabular form. A comparison was made according to some basic characteristics: input message size, output value, conversion method, logical operations used, operations used, etc. On this basis, can be made a decision to use a particular hash function for one purpose or another, according to the specific requirements for input message dimensionality, speed, and degree of security.

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Key Words: Remote measurement; data transmition; public net communication; WiFi Internet; data base management; web site.

Abstract. Тhe system, described in the article for measurement and remote transmission of data from measuring devices such as water meters, electricity meters and others, contains the following components: periodic measurement, remote transmission of measured data, storing the data in a centralized database server, displaying the current data in tables and graphs, display history of measurements based on stored data in DB. The transmission of the measured data is realized in the following communication media: public networks (A1, Vivacom, Yettel), Internet network.

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Key Words: Pregnancy monitoring; IoT; health tracking; pulse oximetry; heart rate monitoring.

Abstract. Monitoring the health of pregnant women is essential for promoting a safe and successful pregnancy. This paper presents the development of a monitoring system using the ESP32 microcontroller, along with the MAX30205, MAX30100, and BME680 sensors. The ESP32 acts as the core unit for data collection and transmission. The MAX30205 sensor provides precise real-time temperature readings, while the BME680 measures key environmental factors such as humidity, pressure, and gas resistance. Additionally, the MAX30100 monitors pulse rate and blood oxygen levels. Together, these sensors enable comprehensive health monitoring for pregnant women.

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Key Words: Predictive diagnostics; competitiveness; costs; innovation.

Abstract. In today’s highly competitive economic environment, effective predictive maintenance of equipment is critical to ensuring high productivity, product quality, on-time delivery and a safe work environment. Predictive maintenance itself is a well-established approach that uses equipment condition data to predict and project future operating conditions leading to system-wide improvements. Having an integrated, computer-based information management system is a strong competitive advantage over today’s complex manufacturing systems. To automate and optimize these processes, advanced systems including Internet of Things (IoT) modules are often used, which enable intelligent devices to exchange information with each other and with others via the Internet, creating a large-scale network of interconnected devices. Such connectivity helps in cost accounting, production and maintenance planning, environmental compliance data, etc. A successfully implemented system will provide an opportunity for effective communication and coordination of predictive maintenance activities leading to continuous improvements of key indicators.

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На 5 септември 2024 г. се навършиха 90 години от рождението на уважаемия и обичан проф. д.т.н. инж. Никола Енчев Маджаров (05.09.1934 – 06.06.2022 г.), заместник-декан на ЕФ в МЕИ – София, заместник-ректор на ТУ – София, член на Президиума на ВАК, председател на научна комисия на ВАК, член на научна комисия на ВАК, председател и член на СНС „Автоматика и системи за управление” към ВАК, председател на Научно-консултативния съвет по автоматизация към Съвета за висше образование при МНП, член на редакционните колегии на сп. „Автоматика и изчислителна техника”, „Автоматика, изчислителна техника и автоматизирани системи”, „Автоматика и информатика”, ‟Information Technologies and Control”, член на АС и ФС в ТУ – София, научни, научно-методични и експертни съвети, организационни и програмни комитети в научни мероприятия, притежател е на много награди и отличия.

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Никола Николаев Николов е роден на 26 май 1960 г. в гр. Казанлък. Обучение и квалификации Никола Николов е завършил средно образование в Техникума по електротехника „Мария Кюри“, гр. Сливен, специалност електронна техника.

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Христо Георгиев Вълчанов е роден на 4 декември 1963 г. във Варна. Образование и квалификация Проф. д-р Христо Вълчанов е завършил специалност изчислителна техника във ВМЕИ-Варна (сега Технически университет-Варна) през 1989 г. През 1990 г. печели конкурс за асистент към катедра „Изчислителна техника“ към ВМЕИ-Варна. През 2008 г. защитава докторска дисертация на тема „Интегриран подход за обектноориентирана разпределена симулация” (по шифър 02.2 1.04).

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На Общото събрание на Съюза по автоматика и информатика „Джон Атанасов“, проведено на 9 юли 2024 г., доц. д-р инж. Кремена Деделянова, председател на ФНТС, награди със званието „Заслужил деятел на ФНТС“ акад. Минчо Хаджийски – главен редактор на сп. „Автоматика и информатика“.

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Key Words: Damask rose; drying speed; humidity, energy.

Abstract. The article presents the results of a study of the duration of drying under atmospheric conditions of residual plant biomass generated during the annual contour pruning of the oil rose bushes. The contour pruning of the bushes was done after the completion of the rose bush. The cut biomass is rented from the inter-rows of the arrays. Results of an additional study of this biomass from the same massif stored in bundles in a closed, ventilated warehouse until the end of October are presented. The periods for reaching an air-dry state with a moisture content of 14.38% and below 10% have been determined. Based on the obtained results, a recommendation was made for the use of naturally dried plant biomass. In this way, there is no need for expensive equipment and energy to dry it and bring it into a suitable form for further processing and use.

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Key Words: Efficiency; energy; social marketing; municipal utility clusters; market with freely negotiated prices.

Abstract. The sale of electricity, heat and natural gas in Bulgaria is characterised by an almost 100% monopoly at regional level. These supplies are licensed on a territorial basis and do not allow local competition. There is a lack of symbiosis between centralised energy and the established regional power plants (mainly PV power stations). This is a serious obstacle to the deployment of RES and the Green Transition that Bulgaria needs. The article discusses the legal framework and proposes an organization at local level for the creation of operating structures – utility clusters for the integration and balancing of energy flows, including those from RES. The regulatory base in Bulgaria allows the creation of such structures in the country. This would solve a number of problems – social, demographic, environmental and purely economic. It is a matter of proper organisation that the energies from these sources are cleverly managed, integrated and balanced as close to the consumer as possible.

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Key Words: Switched Reluctance Motor; rotor position; motor torque; co-energy; JMAG-Express software.

Abstract. Due to the development of electronics and control methods, interest in Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) is returning and today they are being studied by many scientists around the world. This article discusses the torque determination of a Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM) using co-energy. Described is conversion of electrical energy into magnetic field energy and mechanical energy. In these electric machines, the electromagnetic moment is defined as the change in electromagnetic energy due to the change on the angular position of the rotor. The purpose of the study is to find the parameters on which the torque depends in order to form an appropriate control strategy. To simplify the analysis, it is assumed that the machine remains in an unsaturated state during operation – magnetic saturation is neglected, the inductance of the motor depends only on the rotor angle. An exemplary variation of the inductance from the rotor position is shown, which is a direct consequence of the variation of the total magnetic flux and current in the energized phase winding. The areas of operation of SRM are described. Also shown is an exemplary mechanical characteristic of the SRM where the constant torque, constant power, and decelerating power sections are described for low, medium, and high engine speeds. The structure and control principles of the SRM determine the drive characteristics. The basic control strategy involves successive switching of phases at well-defined moments of time. For accurate control it is necessary to account for the highly nonlinear inductance problems and the following ripples of electromagnetic moment. SRM modeling aims to accurately establish the relationship between magnetic flux, torque, current and rotor position, which will contribute to accurate analysis and precise control of these motors. The simulation of SRM 6/4 was made using JMAG-Express software.

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Key Words: Discrete state controller; objects with a delay; state observer; Smith predictor systemр Pade series.

Abstract. The control is a purposeful impact on the object of control, as a result of which it is brought to a desired state, which is determined by the requirements of the technological process. The main requirement is that this process is sustainable, but this is not enough. There are also certain requirements regarding the quality of the processes that take place in the system – quick action when working out disturbing effects or when changing the mode of operation, permissible deviations from the established mode, amplitude limitations of the controlling effects, etc. Often the requirements for the managed process are mutually contradictory and it is necessary to seek a reasonable compromise between them. It is accepted, when the feedback in a control system is carried out by means of the state vector, the controller in this system is called a State Controller (SC). If the state x(k) can be measured directly at every moment k=0, 1, 2, … we speak of control in the presence of complete information. When the state cannot be measured directly, but is estimated by other quantities that are related to it and available for measurement, it is said to be control with incomplete information. The delay in the object of control, whatever its nature, its presence creates difficulties in the implementation of the control system, worsening the quality indicators of the ongoing processes. When using a discrete state controller to control objects with a delay, in order to be able to synthesize the state observer it is necessary to represent the delay unit with a fractional-rational function using a Pade series. This enables the object of control to be represented as a higher-order object without delay, but leads to a significant extension of the transition process in the system.

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